Blood Transfusion Clinical Trials

• Transfusion Medicine - Prevention of Bedside Errors
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00127556 - Active, not recruiting
  Blood transfusion
  
• Determination of the Optimal Prophylactic Platelet Dose Strategy to Prevent Bleeding in Thrombocytopenic Patients ( A TMH CTN Study)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00128713 - Recruiting
  Blood transfusion; Blood Platelets
  
• Transfusion-Associated Microchimerism in Individuals Receiving a Blood Transfusion After a Traumatic Injury
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00400192 - Recruiting
  Chimerism; Blood Transfusion; Wounds and Injuries
  
• Transfusion-Associated Microchimerism in Previously Injured Individuals Who Received a Blood Transfusion
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00441779 - Not yet recruiting
  Chimerism; Blood Transfusion; Wounds and Injuries
  
• Transfusion Infections Pediatric Prospective Study (TRIPPS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00029406 - Active, not recruiting
  Blood donors; Blood Transfusion; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; HIV Infections
  
• Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip Fracture Repair (FOCUS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00071032 - Recruiting
  Anemia; Blood Disease; Blood Transfusion; Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Thromboembolism; Pneumonia; ...
  
• Randomized Controlled Trial of Transfusion Strategies in Cardiac Surgery
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00458783 - Recruiting
  Blood Transfusion; Hemoglobin Level
  
• Effects of Antibodies to White Blood Cells on Platelet Transfusion Patients
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00460122 - Recruiting
  Healthy; Transfusion Reactions
  
• Epidemiologic Studies of Blood Use in the United States - SCOR in Transfusion Medicine
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005319 - Completed
  Blood Transfusion
  
• The Effect of Liberal Vs. Restrictive Transfusion Strategies on Rehabilitation After Hip Fracture Surgery.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00162617 - Active, not recruiting
  Hip Fracture
  
• Granulocyte Transfusion Study
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000581 - Completed
  Blood Transfusion; Infection
  
• Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II (REDS-II)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00097006 - Active, not recruiting
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood donors; Blood Transfusion; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; HTLV-I; HTLV-II; Retroviridae Infections; ...
  
• Randomized Trial of a Liberal Versus a Restrictive Transfusion Strategy in Elderly Cardiac Surgery Patients
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00318227 - Recruiting
  Anemia; Postoperative Care; Cardiac Surgery; Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery; Blood Transfusion
  
• Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study I (REDS I)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005278 - Active, not recruiting
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood donors; Blood Transfusion; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HIV-2; HTLV-I; HTLV-II; Retroviridae Infections
  
• Measurements of Anemia and Physiologic Tissue Response to Blood Transfusions in VLBW Infants Using Quantitative NIRS
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00544375 - Enrolling by invitation
  Low Birth Weight Infant; Anemia; Blood Transfusion
  
• The Effect of Blood Transfusion on Blood Flow to the Intestines of Premature Infants
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00167388 - Recruiting
  Anemia of Prematurity
  
• Transfusion-Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Prevention in Neonates
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000584 - Completed
  Blood Transfusion; Cytomegalovirus Infections
  
• A Study to Determine the Safety and Effectiveness of Epoetin Alfa in Facilitating Self-Donation of Blood Before Surgery in Patients Who Are Not Anemic and Who Will be Undergoing Orthopedic or Heart and Blood Vessel Surgery
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270075 - Completed
  Cardiovascular Surgical Procedure; Blood Transfusion; Orthopedic Surgery; Blood Transfusion, Autologous; Orthopedic Procedures
  
• Risk of Post Transfusion Hepatitis C Virus Infection
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005339 - Completed
  Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Blood Transfusion; Blood donors
  
• Viral Activation Transfusion Study (VATS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000593 - Completed
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood Transfusion; Cytomegalovirus Infections; HIV Infections
  
• Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000589 - Completed
  Blood Platelets; Hematologic Diseases; Immunization; Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute; Blood Transfusion
  
• Open Label Extension Study of Eculizumab in Patients with Transfusion Dependent PNH.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00122317 - Active, not recruiting
  Transfusion dependent, hemolytic paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
  
• A Study to Determine the Effectiveness of Epoetin Alfa in Facilitating Self-Donation of Blood Before Surgery in Non-Anemic Patients Who Are Undergoing Orthopedic, Heart and Blood Vessel, or Breast Reduction Surgery; Performed in Combination With a Procedu
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270023 - Completed
  Orthopedic Procedures; Orthopedic Surgery; Mammaplasty; Blood Transfusion; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; Blood Transfusion, Autologous
  
• Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Research Network
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081718 - Recruiting
  Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Blood Disease
  
• Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Myocardial Infarction Trial: The CRIT Pilot
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00126334 - Recruiting
  Myocardial Infarction; Anemia
  
• Leukocyte Depletion of Autologous Whole Blood
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00176124 - Active, not recruiting
  Transfusion Related Immune Reponse, Perioperative Infection Rate, Length of Hospital Stay in Hip Arthroplasty
  
• Effect of Placental Drainage of Fetal Blood at Cesarean Section on the Incidence of Feto-Maternal Transfusion
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00470899 - Completed
  Fetomaternal Transfusion
  
• Transfusion Associated HCV in a Pediatric Population
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005402 - Completed
  Blood Transfusion; Hepatitis, Viral, Human
  
• A Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Deferasirox in Patients With Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00171821 - Active, not recruiting
  Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload
  
• Evaluation of the Quality of the Transfusion Practice at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00192920 - Recruiting
  Hemorrhage; Blood Transfusions
  
• Transfusion Safety Study (TSS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005301 - Completed
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood Transfusion; HIV Infections
  
• Efficacy and Safety of Deferasirox in Patients With Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00565578 - Active, not recruiting
  Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload
  
• Comparison of Aprotinin and Tranexamic Acid in Routine Cardiac Surgery
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00396760 - Active, not recruiting
  Bleeding and Cardiac Surgery; Allogeneic Blood Transfusion; Aortic Valve Replacement; Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
  
• Fetoscopic Selective Laser Photocoagulation in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00345852 - Active, not recruiting
  Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome
  
• Natural History of Post-transfusion Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005306 - Completed
  Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Blood Transfusion; Liver Diseases
  
• HIV Diversity and Pathogenesis in Donor-Recipient Clusters
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005360 - Completed
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood Transfusion; Blood donors; HIV Infections
  
• Randomized Trial Of Platelet Transfusion Policies After Blood Stem Cells Transplantation In Young Children: Reduction Of Number Of Single Platelet Concentrate Donors Per Child
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00180986 - Active, not recruiting
  Children Treated With High-Dose Chemotherapy (HDC) Followed by Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
  
• Treatment of Menorrhagia in Women With Aplastic Anemia: Platelet Transfusion Alone to Platelet Transfusion With Continuous Oral Contraceptive Pills
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00556400 - Recruiting
  Aplastic Anemia; Menorrhagia; Amenorrhea
  
• Efficacy and Safety of Deferasirox in Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00481143 - Recruiting
  Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Transfusion Dependent Iron Overload
  
• Effectiveness of AIDS Antibody Screening
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005303 - Completed
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood Transfusion; HIV Infections
  
• Amnioreduction versus Selective Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation for the Treatment of Severe Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00109694 - Recruiting
  Twin Transfusion Syndrome
  
• A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Epoetin Alfa in Facilitating Self-Donation of Blood Before Surgery in Patients Who Are Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery and Who Have Low Hematocrit Levels (the Percent of Red Blood Cells in Whole Blood)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270114 - Completed
  Anemia; Orthopedic Procedures; Blood Transfusion
  
• Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing a Prophylactic With a Therapeutic Platelet Transfusion Strategy in Two Groups: 1) in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Intensive Chemotherapy and 2) After Autologous Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00521664 - Recruiting
  Myeloid Leukemia
  
• Prospective Study of HIV Infection in Hemophiliacs
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005309 - Completed
  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV Infections; Blood Disease; Hemophilia A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Blood Transfusion; ...
  
• Age of Blood in Brain Injury
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00141674 - Recruiting
  Age of transfused blood in traumatic brain injury
  
• KSHV Infection in Blood Donors from Texas
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006310 - Completed
  Blood donors; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Blood Transfusion; Herpesvirus, Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated; Sarcoma, Kaposi; HIV Infections
  
• A Study to Determine Whether Epoetin Alfa Can Reduce the Need for Blood Transfusions in Patients During the Period of Time Around Major Orthopedic Surgery.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270088 - Completed
  Blood Transfusion; Anemia; Orthopedic Procedures
  
• A Study to Determine an Effective Dose of Epoetin Alfa to Decrease the Number of Units of Blood Required to be Transfused During Hip Replacement Surgery.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00269971 - Completed
  Orthopedic Surgery; Blood Transfusion; Anemia
  
• CC-5013 in Treating Patients With Red Blood Cell Transfusion-Dependent Myelodysplastic Syndromes and a Cytogenetic Abnormality
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00074126 - Active, not recruiting
  de novo myelodysplastic syndromes; previously treated myelodysplastic syndromes; secondary myelodysplastic syndromes
  
• Strategies for Transfusion of Platelets (SToP)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00420914 - Recruiting
  Thrombocytopenia
  
• Ontario ICU Clinical Best Practices Demonstration Project
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00332982 - Completed
  Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia; Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections; Pressure Ulcer Prophylaxis; DVT Prophylaxis; Restrictive Blood Transfusion Strategy; Daily Spontaeous Breathing Trials
  
• Transfusion Strategies in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00350220 - Recruiting
  Congenital Heart Disease
  
• Safety and Performance of MIRASOL® PRT Treated Platelet Transfusion Products
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00263809 - Recruiting
  Thrombocytopenia
  
• A Study to Determine the Safety of Epoetin Alfa and Whether Epoetin Alfa Can Reduce the Need for Blood Transfusions in Patients After Major Orthopedic Surgery.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270036 - Completed
  Anemia; Blood Transfusion; Orthopedic Procedures
  
• Study Using Deferiprone Alone or in Combination With Desferrioxamine in Iron Overloaded Transfusion-Dependent Patients
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00349453 - Recruiting
  Hemochromatosis
  
• Transfusion Effects in Myelodysplastic Patients: Limiting Exposure
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00202371 - Recruiting
  Myelodysplastic Syndromes
  
• Transfusion Requirements in GI Bleeding
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00414713 - Recruiting
  Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding; Cirrhosis; Portal Hypertension
  
• Evaluation of HIV-1, HCV and HBV Blood Screening Tests With Human Blood Donor Specimens
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00552214 - Enrolling by invitation
  
  
• NIRS as Transfusion Indicator in Neurocritical Patients
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00566709 - Recruiting
  Traumatic Brain Injury; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Intracerebral Hemorrhage
  
• Study the Safety and Effectiveness of Tadalafil on High Blood Pressure in the Blood Vessel Going From the Heart to the Lungs
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00549302 - Active, not recruiting
  Hypertension, Pulmonary
  
• A Study to Evaluate the Safety of Epoetin Alfa and Its Effectiveness in Facilitating the Presurgical Collection of Blood From Anemic Patients for Possible Self-Transfusion During and After Scheduled Joint Surgery.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270062 - Completed
  Anemia
  
• The Effect of the Mini-Pill on Blood Factors in Women at Increased Risk for Forming Blood Clots
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00580424 - Recruiting
  Women's Health; Blood Coagulation Disorders
  
• Unmodified Versus Leuko-Reduced Allogeneic Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Cancer Patients
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00180869 - Completed
  Cancer; Surgery
  
• Effects of Anti-HIV Therapy on Red Blood Cells of HIV-Infected Mothers and Their Infants
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00342082 - Active, not recruiting
  Cord Blood
  
• Anemia and Surgery: Indications For Transfusion
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005308 - Completed
  Blood Disease; Anemia
  
• Studies of the Genetics and Functional Basis of Inherited Platelet, White Blood Cell, Red Blood Cell, and Blood Clotting Disorders.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00230165 - Recruiting
  Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
  
• A Study of the Safety and Scientific Action of Stanate in Infants at Risk for Exchange Transfusion
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00115544 - Recruiting
  Hyperbilirubinemia
  
• GLP-2 (Glucagonlike Peptide-2) and Blood Flow
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00540215 - Active, not recruiting
  Regional Blood Flow
  
• Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP 2)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006182 - Completed
  Blood Disease; Cerebrovascular Accident; Anemia, Sickle Cell
  
• Study of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00023023 - Recruiting
  Virus Disease
  
• Differences in Blood Levels of Nevirapine in HIV-infected Patients in Uganda and the United States
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00054743 - Active, not recruiting
  HIV Infection
  
• Intervention Study to Control High Blood Pressure for Korean American
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00473681 - Active, not recruiting
  High Blood Pressure
  
• Plasma Transfusion in Liver Transplantation
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00235183 - Recruiting
  Bleeding in Liver Transplantation
  
• Inhaled Nitric Oxide and Transfusion Therapy for Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia and Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00023296 - Active, not recruiting
  Sickle Cell Anemia; Pulmonary Hypertension
  
• Efficacy and Safety of Aprotinin on Transfusion Requirements in Patients Undergoing Radical or Total Cystectomy
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00306150 - Terminated
  Blood Loss, Surgical; Blood Loss, Postoperative
  
• Transfusion Alternatives Pre-Operatively in Sickle Cell Disease (TAPS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00512577 - Recruiting
  Sickle Cell Disease
  
• Effects of Common Topical Glaucoma Therapy on Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow Autoregulation During Increased Arterial Blood Pressure and Artificially Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Humans
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00275756 - Recruiting
  Glaucoma; Ocular Physiology; Regional Blood Flow
  
• Immunosuppressive Preparation Followed by Blood Cell Transplant for the Treatment of Blood Cancers in Older Adults
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00001637 - Active, not recruiting
  Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; Graft vs Host Disease; Leukemia; Myelodysplastic Syndrome; Myeloid Leukemia
  
• Silent Cerebral Infarct Multi-Center Clinical Trial
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00072761 - Recruiting
  Sickle Cell Anemia; Stroke
  
• Diamond Blackfan Anemia Registry (DBAR)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00106015 - Active, not recruiting
  Anemia; Blood Disease
  
• Transfusion Triggers in Cardiac Surgery
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00470444 - Recruiting
  Cardiac Surgery
  
• Blood Test to Measure DNA Damage in Blood
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00523471 - Recruiting
  Prostate Cancer
  
• Preventing Negative Reactions in First Time Blood Donors to Encourage Subsequent Blood Donations
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00302900 - Recruiting
  Syncope, Vasovagal
  
• Comparison Between Point of Care Device and Venous Blood International Normalized Ratio Measurements.
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00288808 - Recruiting
  Blood Coagulation Disorder
  
• Rheopheresis Blood Filtration Study for the Treatment of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00078221 - Active, not recruiting
  Macular Degeneration
  
• Effect of Leukoreduced Blood Transfusions on Infection Following Trauma
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00135291 - Completed
  Wounds and Injuries; Infection; Sepsis; Hemorrhage
  
• Umbilical Cord Blood and Placental Blood Transplantation in Treating Patients With Hematologic Cancer or Aplastic Anemia
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00008164 - Active, not recruiting
  Langerhans cell histiocytosis; childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma; childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; hematopoietic and lymphoid cancer
  
• New York Blood Center National Cord Blood Program
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00212407 - Recruiting
  Leukemia; Lymphoma; Genetic Disease; Severe Aplastic Anemia; Myelodysplasia
  
• Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation, White Blood Cell Infusions, Chemotherapy, and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Recurrent Metastatic Cervical or Vaginal Cancer
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005941 - Active, not recruiting
  Cervical Cancer; Vaginal Cancer
  
• Hypertension Intervention Nurse Telemedicine Study (HINTS)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00237692 - Active, not recruiting
  Hypertesion
  
• Reduced Immunosuppressive Therapy With or Without Donor White Blood Cells in Treating Patients With Lymphoproliferative Disease After Organ Transplantation
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00033475 - Active, not recruiting
  post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
  
• CC-5013 in Treating Patients With Transfusion-Dependent Low-Risk or Intermediate-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00077506 - Active, not recruiting
  Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia; previously treated myelodysplastic syndromes; de novo myelodysplastic syndromes; ...
  
• Insulin Treatment Variation in Southwestern Diabetics
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00148304 - Active, not recruiting
  Diabetes; Insulin; Blood Glucose Monitoring
  
• Kid Cards: Teaching Kids About Medicines
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00127543 - Active, not recruiting
  Hemophilia; Sickle Cell Disease; Neoplasm; Blood Coagulation Disorders
  
• Dopaminergic Modulation of Choroidal Blood Flow Changes During Dark/Light Transitions
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00280501 - Recruiting
  Regional Blood Flow; Ocular Physiology
  
• Assessing Myocardial Blood Flow and Blood Flow Reserve by Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00286559 - Recruiting
  Coronary Artery Disease
  
• Effect of Valsartan Compared to Enalapril on Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure in Children With High Blood Pressure
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00433836 - Recruiting
  Hypertension
  
• Dose Response of Valsartan on Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure in 1-5 Year Old Children With High Blood Pressure
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00435162 - Recruiting
  Hypertension
  
• Adult Double Cord Blood Transplant Study
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00514579 - Recruiting
  Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; Hematologic Malignancies
  
• Heart and Blood Pressure Study: The Effect of Aortic Impedance on Myocardial Relaxation
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00204984 - Recruiting
  High Blood Pressure