Article: Blepharospasm

A blepharospasm (from blepharo (eyelid) and spasm (uncontrolled muscle contraction)) is any abnormal tic or twitch of the eyelid. However, it is normally distinguished from less serious disorders and refers to Benign Essential Blepharospasm, a focal dystonia (a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary and sustained muscle contractions) of the muscles around the eyes. The cause can be caffeine, fatigue, or a possible irritant. Symptoms usually last for a few days then go away without treatment, but in some cases may be chronic and persistent.

Symptoms

• Uncontrollable tics or twitches of the eye muscles and surrounding facial area
• Excessive blinking of the eyes, or forced closure of durations longer than the typical blink reflex
• Dryness of the eyes
• Sensitivity to the sun and bright light

Causes

In most cases, blepharospasm seems to develop spontaneously. Many blepharospasm patients have a previous history of dry eyes and/or light sensitivity. Blepharospasm can also come from abnormal functioning of the brain's basal ganglia. Concomitance with dry eye, as well as other dystonias such as Meige's syndrome been observed. Some drugs can induce blepharospasm, such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease.

Treatment

• Drug therapy: Drug therapy for blepharospasm has proved generally unpredictable and short-lasted. Finding an effective regimen for any patient usually requires patience of patient and physician.
• Botulin toxin injections
• Surgery: Those patients that have not responded well to medication or botulinum toxin injection are candidates for surgical therapy. The most effective surgical treatment has been protractor myectomy, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure.
• Dark glasses, for sunlight sensitivity as well as to cover one's eyes from other people.
• Stress management and support groups can help sufferers deal with the disease and prevent social isolation.