High amounts of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) can cause development of kidney stones in children. Treatment for these children includes plenty of fluids, a low-salt diet and medications such as potassium citrate. A major advantage of potassium citrate, as compared to hydrochlorothiazide, is its lack of side effects. One problem the researchers and others have observed is that some children continue to form kidney stones despite correction of hypercalciuria with potassium citrate. One possible explanation is that in some individuals potassium citrate therapy results in an excessive elevation of urine pH, a situation that may predispose to calcium phosphate stone formation. In this study, the researchers will study the effects of potassium citrate on urine chemistries and acid-base balance in three groups of children aged 5-17 years:

• children who are hypercalciuric stone formers;
• children who are hypercalciuric but have not formed stones; and
• children with voiding dysfunction and no history of hypercalciuria or kidney stones.

Particular attention will be paid to try to identify those who develop a very high urine pH (>8) and the factors leading to this metabolic reaction. The researchers will try to learn whether it is the child’s characteristics, the disease manifestations, the dose of the drug, or a combination of the above which may be the cause of the development of very alkaline urine. Based on the results, the researchers hope to be able to better “tailor” the individual treatment for each child with kidney stones.

Condition	Intervention
Kidney Calculi	Drug: Potassium Citrate  Drug: Acetazolamide  Behavior: Diet low in oxalate and purines

Further Study Details: 

Primary Outcomes: Changes in urine pH, citrate, calcium and bicarbonate after treatment with increasing doses of potassium citrate
Secondary Outcomes: Correlation between presence of partial distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and formation of too alkaline urine in response to potassium citrate administration
Expected Total Enrollment:  36

Hypercalciuria is a common clinical pediatric problem that in some children is associated with renal stones. Most renal stones (80%) are formed by calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate phases (apatite), and brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate). Hypercalciuria can be either primary (accounts for the vast majority of children with calcium stones) or secondary. Treatment for children with calcium stones involves non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Non-pharmacological interventions include high fluid intake, low sodium, and potassium enhanced diet, with RDA calcium and protein. Historically, the specific treatment for hypercalciuric stone formers has included thiazides, which reduce calciuria, lower the urinary saturation of calcium oxalate and phosphate, and restore normal intestinal calcium absorption. However thiazides induce hypokalemia and hypocitraturia, and the latter attenuates the beneficial effects of the drug on stone formation. Currently, the drug of choice replacing thiazides in treating idiopathic hypercalciuria is potassium citrate. Potassium citrate is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and after being excreted in the urine, it inhibits the crystallization of stone forming calcium salts by binding the calcium ion, thus decreasing its urinary saturation and inhibiting the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate; therefore, potassium citrate is an effective stone inhibitor agent. A major advantage of potassium citrate is its lack of side effects. One of the problems seen in clinical practice is that some children with primary hypercalciuria, even after the calciuria is treated successfully with potassium citrate, continue to develop stones. It has been suggested that an elevation in urine pH, seen in some patients treated with potassium citrate, may result in an alkaline urinary milieu which promotes calcium phosphate stone formation. In this study, the researchers plan to investigate the effects of potassium citrate on urine chemistries and acid-base balance in children who are hypercalciuric stone formers. The researchers will try to identify whether the beneficial effects of potassium citrate supplementation on lowering urine calcium and increasing citrate might be offset by too high urine pH (>8) which could promote the formation of calcium phosphate stones. Three groups of subjects aged 5-17 years will be studied: group 1 - idiopathic hypercalciuric stone formers; group 2 - idiopathic hypercalciuric non-stone formers; and group 3 - normocalciuric subjects. Three visits will be scheduled for each participant, and the subjects will receive two doses of potassium citrate. Urine chemistries and acid-base parameters will be measured. The researchers will try to learn whether it is the child’s characteristics, the disease manifestations, the dose of the drug, or a combination of the above which may be the cause of the development of very alkaline urine. Based on the study results, the researchers hope to be able to better “tailor” the individual treatment for each child with kidney stones due to idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Ages Eligible for Study:  5 Years   -   17 Years,  Genders Eligible for Study:  Both

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children aged 5-17 years with idiopathic hypercalciuria who have history of kidney stones.
• Children aged 5-17 years with idiopathic hypercalciuria who have never developed kidney stones.
• Children aged 5-17 years with voiding dysfunction who are normocalciuric and have no history of kidney stones.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children with urolithiasis secondary to metabolic disorders unrelated to hypercalciuria (e.g. oxaluria, hypocitraturia, cystinuria), or due to secondary causes of calciuria (hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, corticosteroids, furosemide).
• Children with renal insufficiency, active urinary tract infection, hyperkalemia, gastrointestinal diseases, heart failure.
• Children who receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergic medications or digitalis.
• Children who cannot safely stop receiving the prohibited concomitant medications due to other underlying medical conditions

Please refer to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov identifier  NCT00120731

Ari Auron, MD      816 2343010    aauron@cmh.edu
Uri S Alon, MD      816 234 3010    ualon@cmh.edu

Missouri
      The Children''''s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City,  Missouri,  64108,  United States

Study chairs or principal investigators

Ari Auron, MD,  Principal Investigator,  The Children''''s Mercy Hospital   

Study ID Numbers:  RG#05036
Record last reviewed:  July 2005
Last Updated:  July 25, 2005
Record first received:  July 18, 2005
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:  NCT00120731
Health Authority: United States: Institutional Review Board
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on 2005-07-26