To determine the safety and tolerability of hydroxyurea at two doses alone and in combination with didanosine (ddI). To compare the short term antiviral effect of ddI monotherapy versus hydroxyurea plus ddI, as measured by plasma RNA levels at 8 weeks of therapy. [AS PER AMENDMENT 10/1/97: Accrual to arms involving hydroxyurea alone has been closed.] Current antiviral therapies for HIV-1 are limited by a few choices, and the lack of sustained clinical benefit from the drugs. The mechanisms that account for the lack of prolonged inhibition of viral replication by these agents are not fully understood. The activity of RT inhibitors might be potentiated by inhibiting host cellular enzymes essential for efficient HIV reverse transcription. Based on this information, comparisons of the antiviral effects of ddI monotherapy and hydroxyurea plus ddI, with the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reductase as a potential target, should be done.

Condition	Treatment or Intervention	Phase
HIV Infections	Drug: Hydroxyurea  Drug: Didanosine	Phase I

Further Study Details: 

Expected Total Enrollment:  140

Current antiviral therapies for HIV-1 are limited by a few choices, and the lack of sustained clinical benefit from the drugs. The mechanisms that account for the lack of prolonged inhibition of viral replication by these agents are not fully understood. The activity of RT inhibitors might be potentiated by inhibiting host cellular enzymes essential for efficient HIV reverse transcription. Based on this information, comparisons of the antiviral effects of ddI monotherapy and hydroxyurea plus ddI, with the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reductase as a potential target, should be done.

This is a 24-week study, with two 12-week treatment periods. Patients are randomized to one of five treatment arms based upon a patient's history of antiretroviral therapy (naive vs. experienced). The five treatment arms are: 1) ddI plus hydroxyurea placebo. 2) hydroxyurea (lower dose) plus ddI placebo for 4 weeks; then hydroxyurea (higher dose) plus ddI. 3) hydroxyurea (higher dose) plus ddI placebo for 4 weeks; then hydroxyurea (higher dose) plus ddI. 4) hydroxyurea (lower dose) plus ddI. 5) hydroxyurea (higher dose) plus ddI. After the completion of week 12, patients on combination therapy remain on their current therapy and patients on ddI plus placebo have hydroxyurea replace the placebo at 1 of 2 assigned doses (1:1 randomization). AS PER AMENDMENT 5/5/97: If after the 24-week treatment period, a patient has an RNA level less than or equal to 5,000 copies/ml or less than 20,000 copies/ml with a greater than 1 log10 decline from baseline, she has the option to continue therapy open-label ddI plus hydroxyurea for an additional 24 weeks. AS PER AMENDMENT 10/1/97: Accrual to the arms involving hydroxyurea alone has been closed. Patients are randomized to one of the three treatment arms, as follows: 1) hydroxyurea placebo plus ddI. 2) hydroxyurea (lower dose) plus ddI. 3) hydroxyurea (higher dose) plus ddI.

Ages Eligible for Study:  18 Years and above,  Genders Eligible for Study:  Both

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Concurrent Medication: Allowed: AS PER AMENDMENT 5/5/97:

• PCP prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or Dapsone.

Patients must have:

• HIV-1 infection.
• AS PER AMENDMENT 5/5/97:
• CD4 count of 200 - 700 cells/mm3 within 60 days prior to study entry.
• AS PER AMENDMENT 10/1/97:
• HIV RNA plasma level < 20,000 copies/ml within 60 days of enrollment (obtained at a laboratory certified to perform the Roche Monitor assay).

Exclusion Criteria

Co-existing Condition: Patients with any of the following symptoms or conditions are excluded:

• CMV, MAC, toxoplasmosis, or disseminated fungal infection requiring acute or chronic therapy.
• Significant medical illness as determined by investigator.
• Active diagnosis of any malignancy, including visceral Kaposi's sarcoma or extensive cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma for which systemic chemotherapy is anticipated within the next 24 weeks.
• Current Grade 2 or greater peripheral neuropathy.

Concurrent Medication: Excluded:

• Acute or chronic therapy for CMV, MAC, toxoplasmosis, or disseminated fungal infection.

AS PER AMENDMENT 5/5/97:

• All antiretroviral medications other than those provided on study.
• Systemic chemotherapy for active malignancies, including systemic treatment for KS.
• Agents with myelosuppressive potential, including tegretol, carboplatin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil.
• Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) except while hydroxyurea or matching placebo is held.

Drugs associated with peripheral neuropathy, including:

• hydralazine, disulfiram, nitrofurantoin, cisplatinum, diethyldithiocarbamate, gold, rifampin, chloramphenicol, clioquinol, ethambutol, ethionamide, glutethimide, sodium cyanate, and thalidomide.

Patients with any of the prior conditions are excluded:

• History of transfusion dependent anemia, defined as any history of repeated transfusion with two or more units of red blood cells.
• At the discretion of the investigator, history of pancreatitis.

Prior Medication: Excluded:

• More than 2 weeks prior treatment with ddI. AS PER AMENDMENT 5/5/97:
• Other antiretrovirals must be discontinued at least 14 days prior to randomization.
• Prior hydroxyurea.
• Any candidate HIV vaccine or agent with potential immune modulating effects within the past 30 days.
• Any colony stimulating factor or erythropoietin within the past 60 days.

Prior Treatment: Excluded:

• Transfusion with red blood cells within the past 60 days.

Risk Behavior: Excluded:

• At the investigator's discretion, any active substance abuse, including alcohol abuse interfering with compliance.

California
      Univ of California / San Diego Treatment Ctr, San Diego,  California,  921036325,  United States
      Stanford at Kaiser / Kaiser Permanente Med Ctr, San Francisco,  California,  94115,  United States
      Stanford Univ Med Ctr, Stanford,  California,  943055107,  United States
      Harbor UCLA Med Ctr, Torrance,  California,  90502,  United States
Colorado
      Univ of Colorado Health Sciences Ctr, Denver,  Colorado,  80262,  United States
Maryland
      Johns Hopkins Hosp, Baltimore,  Maryland,  21287,  United States
New York
      Bellevue Hosp / New York Univ Med Ctr, New York,  New York,  10016,  United States
      Mount Sinai Med Ctr, New York,  New York,  10029,  United States
      Beth Israel Med Ctr, New York,  New York,  10003,  United States
North Carolina
      Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,  North Carolina,  275997215,  United States
      Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham,  North Carolina,  27710,  United States
Ohio
      Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland,  Ohio,  44106,  United States
      Univ of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  452670405,  United States
      MetroHealth Med Ctr, Cleveland,  Ohio,  441091998,  United States
Pennsylvania
      Univ of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  19104,  United States
      Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  191075098,  United States
South Carolina
      Julio Arroyo, West Columbia,  South Carolina,  29169,  United States
Washington
      Univ of Washington, Seattle,  Washington,  981224304,  United States

Study chairs or principal investigators

Ian Frank, MD,  Study Chair,  Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania   
Joseph Eron, MD,  Study Chair,  University of North Carolina   

Study ID Numbers:  ACTG 307
Record last reviewed:  November 1998
Last Updated:  March 23, 2005
Record first received:  November 2, 1999
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:  NCT00001074
Health Authority: United States: Federal Government
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on 2005-04-08