Article: Medical acupuncture

Medical acupuncture is a simplified version of traditional Chinese acupuncture which is learned by Western medical practitioners.

History of medical acupuncture

Medical acupuncture was created for Western practitioners such as medical doctors, physiotherapists and osteopaths who wish to practice acupuncture without the lengthy study of traditional Chinese Medicine theory which is usually required for acupuncturists. This Western version of acupuncture is lesser known than the traditional Chinese, but is increasing in popularity as otherwise mainstream medical practitioners in the West are taking more interest in alternative medicine. Medical acupuncture can also been seen as an attempt by orthodox Western medicine to understand the effects of acupuncture from a scientific perspective rather than within the paradigm of Chinese folk beliefs. The British Medical Acupuncture Society publishes a quarterly peer reviewed journal which is listed on Medline and Index Medicus Acupuncture in Medicine.

The term "acupuncture" is a Western one, derived from Latin and meaning "puncturing with needles". It was first used by the Dutchman Wilhelm Ten Rijn, who wrote a monograph in Latin on the subject (De Acupunctura) at the end of the seventeenth century. Traditional Chinese medicine had an influence on Europe due to exchange via the Silk Road trade routes. Goods and ideas both travelled between cultures in this way.

Acupuncture continued to attract interest from Western doctors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries though generally without much reference to its Oriental roots. This interest has continued down to the present, receiving considerable interest after President Nixon's visit to China in 1972, when surgeons witnessed surgical operations being carried out using acupuncture analgesia instead of anaesthetics. As a result of this interest, traditional Chinese medicine has become a global phenomena. With this interest came a desire by medical professionals to learn acupuncture without the difficult theory, which includes Taoist cosmology and sometimes borders on shamanism and mysticism, all of which can be difficult for Westerners to understand. In the United Kingdom most practioners of acupuncture are medical acupuncturists, either medical doctors or allied health professionals. The. British Medical Acupuncture Societyprovides training for medical doctors and allied health professionals. Many countries have similar organisations and there is an International Council of Medical Acupunturists ICMART which represents medical acupuncturists from over 80 countries.

Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture

The main differences between traditional Chinese and Western medical acupuncture are as follows.

1. The traditional theory of "points" and "meridians" is either ignored altogether or is radically reinterpreted.
2. The concepts of disease are derived from modern Western pathology instead of Chinese medical theory.
3. Medical acupuncture is understood to work via the modern understanding of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry.

The principal differences between the traditional and medical acupuncture schools can be summarized as follows:

These differences are theoretical, but there are also practical differences. Whereas traditional acupuncture practitioners, at least today in the West, tend to insert large numbers of needles and leave them in place for at least 20 minutes, sometimes longer, some Western acupuncturists use many fewer needles (sometimes only one) and practise brief insertion (from two or three minutes right down to one second). This modern technique is also used by those traditionally trained, though it may be less common.

Medical acupuncture lends itself to use in a busy practice where there is little time to spend on each patient. It also has the advantage that it can be learned much more easily than traditional acupuncture by modern health practitioners such as doctors, physiotherapists, osteopaths, chiropractors, and podiatrists. Such people do not have to learn another system of thought or technique; rather, they see acupuncture as an extension of what they are already doing.

For traditionalists, medical acupuncture appears to be a watered-down version of "real" acupuncture, having at best a limited degree of effectiveness in certain situations. However, there is little good research evidence to support the use of any form of acupuncture, traditional or modern, and even less to show that one kind is better than the other. Research dollars are not imminent in medicine that does not show large profits.

Choosing where to needle

If acupuncture is not to be based on the traditional ideas, how can we choose where to insert the needles? There are several possibilities. One popular idea is to use the concept of trigger points. These are tender areas, mostly in muscles, from which pain and other sensations may radiate to distant areas.

Another idea is to base the needling on body segments. The spinal cord is arranged segmentally, with pairs of nerve roots emerging from it along its length. These nerve root pairs supply the skin in a series of stripes, so that it is possible to say which spinal segments supply sensation to different parts of the body. A similar arrangement exists at deeper levels, so that we may speak of myotomes (related to the muscles) and sclerotomes (related to the bones and joints). In some versions of medical acupuncture the needles are inserted in segments that are related to the internal organs that one wishes to treat.

Other ways of choosing where to needle also exist. However, some medical acupuncturists think that it often makes relatively little difference where the needles are inserted, at least in quite broad terms. Certainly there seem to be some patients who react very strongly to needling and in whom the actual site of treatment is not very important. A traditionally-trained acupuncturist, however, might consider this belief heresy, and consider this random approach dangerous.

There is a variant of electroacupuncture which uses only 24 points. Each meridian has a so-called test point, a tonification point, and a sedation point. A machine records the electrodermal current at the identified test point for each meridian. The values are placed into a chart. Based on the clustering of the values of the test points for each meridian - the practitioner is able to identify meridians which are hyperfunctioning and hypofunctioning. If the meridian is hypofunctioning - then the tonification point is needled to increase the electronic impulse flowing through said meridian. If the meridian is hyperfunctioning, then the sedation point is needled to decrease the electronic activity in the meridian. The process is called balancing the meridians. There are no esoteric points to remember, just 24 points on the bilateral meridians.

Mechanism

Two attempts at medical explanation have been suggested:

1. The gate theory of pain, first put forward some thirty years ago by Patrick Wall and Robert Melzack, postulates the existence of gates or filters in the spinal cord that can modulate (increase or decrease) transmission of pain information within the nervous system.
2. The second explanation is based on the existence of natural opiates (pain-relieving substances such as endorphins and enkephalins) in the central nervous system and elsewhere in the body.