Article: Idaho

State of Idaho

Flag of Idaho Seal of Idaho Nickname(s): Gem State Motto(s): Esto perpetua
Official language(s)	None
Capital	Boise
Largest city	Boise
Area	Ranked 14th
- Total	83,642 sq mi (216,632 km²)
- Width	305 miles (491 km)
- Length	479 miles (771 km)
- % water	0.98
- Latitude	42° N to 49° N
- Longitude	111° W to 117° W
Population	Ranked 39th
- Total (2000)	1,293,953
- Density	15.64/sq mi  6.04/km² (44th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Borah Peak 12,662 ft  (3,859 m)
- Mean	5,000 ft  (1,524 m)
- Lowest point	709 ft  (216 m)
Admission to Union	July 3, 1890 (43rd)
Governor	Jim Risch (R)
U.S. Senators	Larry Craig (R) Mike Crapo (R)
Time zones
- north of Salmon River	Pacific: UTC-8/-7
- remainder	Mountain: UTC-7/-6
Abbreviations	ID US-ID
Web site	www.idaho.gov/

For the music group, see Idaho (band).

Idaho (IPA: /aɪdəho/) is a state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The state's capital and largest city is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans." Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.

According to the United States Census Bureau in 2004 Idaho had an estimated population of 1,393,262. The state's postal abbreviation is ID. Idaho is nicknamed the Gem State because of its abundance of natural resources. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be perpetual").

Southern Idaho, including the Boise metropolitan area, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, and Twin Falls are in the Mountain Time Zone. Areas north of the Salmon River, including Coeur d'Alene and Lewiston, are in the Pacific Time Zone.

National Parks

• California National Historic Trail
• City of Rocks National Reserve
• Craters of the Moon National Monument
• Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument
• Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
• Minidoka Internment National Monument
• Nez Perce National Historical Park
• Oregon National Historic Trail
• Yellowstone National Park
• Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge
• Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

State Parks

History

Main article: History of Idaho

Humans may have been present in the Idaho area as long as 14,500 years ago. Excavations at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls in 1959 revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. Native American tribes predominant in the area included the Nez Perce in the north and the Northern and Western Shoshone in the south.

Idaho, as part of the Oregon Country, was claimed by both the United States and United Kingdom until the United States gained undisputed jurisdiction in 1846. Between then and the creation of the Idaho Territory in 1863, parts of the present-day state were included in the Oregon, Washington, and Dakota Territories. The new territory included most of present-day Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.

After some tribulation as a territory, including the chaotic transfer of the territorial capital from Lewiston to Boise and a federal attempt to split the territory between Washington Territory and the state of Nevada, Idaho achieved statehood in 1890. The economy of the new state, which had been primarily supported by metal mining, shifted towards agriculture and tourism.

Demographics

As of 2005, Idaho has an estimated population of 1,429,096, which is an increase of 33,956, or 2.4%, from the prior year and an increase of 135,140, or 10.4%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 58,884 people (that is 111,131 births minus 52,247 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 75,795 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 14,522 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 61,273 people.

This makes Idaho the sixth fastest-growing state after Nevada, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, and Utah. From 2004 to 2005, Idaho was the third fastest grower, surpassed only by Nevada and Arizona.

Nampa, the state's second largest city, has experienced particularly strong growth in recent years. According to census estimates Nampa has grown 22.1 percent to nearly 65,000 residents between 2000 and 2003. Growth of 5% or more over the same period has also been observed in Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Meridian and Twin Falls [1].

Since 1990, Idaho's population has increased by 386,000 (38%).

The Boise Metropolitan Area (officially known as the Boise City-Nampa, ID Metropolitan Statistical Area) is Idaho's largest metropolitan area. Other metropolitan areas in order of size are Coeur d'Alene, Idaho Falls, Pocatello and Lewiston.

As of 2006 six official micropolitan statistical areas are based in Idaho. Twin Falls is the largest of these.

Race

The racial/ethnic makeup of Idaho:

• 88% White, not of Hispanic origin
• 7.9% Hispanic, many are of Basque origin.
• 1.4% Native American
• 0.9% Asian
• 0.4% Black
• 2% Two or more races

(Note: people of Hispanic origin may belong to any race.)

The largest reported ancestries in the state are: German (18.9%), English (18.1%), Irish (10%), American (8.4%), Norwegian (3.6%), Swedish (3.5%).

Religion

A church in Idaho City

The current religious affiliations of the people of Idaho are shown in the table below:

• Christian – 79%
  • Protestant – 50%
    • Baptist – 10%
    • Methodist – 10%
    • Lutheran – 3%
    • Presbyterian – 3%
    • Other Protestant or general Protestant – 24%
  • Roman Catholic – 15%
  • LDS (Mormon) – 14%
• Other Religions – <1%
• Non-Religious – 20%

As with many other Western states, the percentage of Idaho's population identifying themselves as "non-religious" is higher than the national average.

Economy

Greetings from Idaho

The state's gross domestic product for 2004 was US$43.6 billion. The per capita income for 2004 was US$26,881.

Idaho is an important agricultural state, producing nearly one third of the potatoes grown in the United States. Other important agricultural products are beans, lentils, sugar beets, cattle, dairy products, wheat, and barley.

Important industries in Idaho are food processing, lumber and wood products, machinery, chemical products, paper products, electronics manufacturing, silver and other mining, and tourism. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a government lab for nuclear energy research, is also an important part of the eastern Idaho economy.

Although Idaho's dependence on mining has decreased, the state remains a top producer of silver and lead. Today, Idaho's industrial economy is growing, with high-tech products leading the way. Since the late 1970s, Boise has emerged as a center for semiconductor manufacturing. Boise is the home of Micron Technology Inc., the only U.S. manufacturer of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips. Hewlett-Packard has operated a large plant in Boise, in southwestern Idaho, since the 1970s, which is devoted primarily to laserjet printer production.[2]. Dell, Inc. operates a major customer support call center in Twin Falls.

The state personal income tax ranges from 1.6 percent to 7.8 percent in 8 income brackets. Idahoans may apply for state tax credits for taxes paid to other states, as well as for donations to Idaho state educational entities and some nonprofit youth and rehabilitation facilities.

The state sales tax is 5 percent. Sales tax applies to the sale, rental or lease of tangible personal property and some services. Food is taxed, but prescription drugs are not. Hotel, motel, and campground accommodations are taxed at a higher rate (7 percent to 11 percent). Some jurisdictions impose local option sales tax.

Transportation

Major highways

Law and government

Boise, Idaho, state capitol

State government

The constitution of Idaho provides for 3 branches of government: the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Idaho has a bicameral legislature, elected from 35 legislative districts, each represented by one senator and two representatives. Idaho still operates under its original (1889) state constitution.

Since 1946 statewide elected constitutional officers have been elected to four-year terms. They include: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Controller (Auditor before 1994), Treasurer, Attorney General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Last contested in 1966, Inspector of Mines was an original elected constitutional office. Afterwards it was an appointed position and ultimately done away with entirely in 1974.

Idaho is an alcohol monopoly or Alcoholic beverage control state.

Executive Branch

The governor of Idaho serves a four-year term, and is elected during what is nationally referred to as midterm elections. As such, the governor is not elected in the same election year as the president of the United States.

The current governor is Republican Jim Risch, who succeeded to the office in May 2006. Risch became governor upon the resignation of his predecessor, Dirk Kempthorne, who was confirmed as United States Secretary of the Interior by the United States Senate on May 26, 2006.

Risch will serve as governor until January 2007, when he will be succeeded by the winner of the 2006 gubernatorial election.

Further information: List of Idaho Governors

Legislative Branch

Idaho's legislature is part-time. However, the session may be extended if necessary, and often is. Because of this, Idaho's legislators are considered "citizen legislators", meaning that their position as a legislator is not their main occupation.

Terms for both the Senate and House of Representatives are two years. Legislative elections occur every even numbered year.

The Idaho Legislature has been continuously controlled by the Republican Party since the late 1950s, although Democratic legislators are routinely elected from Boise, Pocatello, Blaine County and the northern Panhandle.

See also List of Idaho senators and representatives

Politics

After the Civil War many Southern Democrats moved to Idaho Territory. As a result the early territorial legislatures were solidly Democratic. In contrast most of the territorial governors were appointed by Republican Presidents and were Republicans themselves. This led to sometimes bitter clashes between the two parties. In the 1880s Republicans became more prominent in local politics.

Since statehood the Republican Party has usually been the dominant party in Idaho. In the 1890s and early 1900s the Populist Party enjoyed prominence while the Democratic Party maintained a brief dominance in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Since World War II most statewide elected officials have been Republicans, but Democrats have had at least one elected official in a statewide office at any given time.

Idaho Congressional delegations have also been generally Republican since statehood. Several Idaho Democrats have had electoral success in the House over the years, but the Senate delegation has been a Republican stronghold for decades. Several Idaho Republicans, including current Senators Larry Craig and Mike Crapo, have won reelection to the Senate, but only Frank Church has won reelection as a Democrat. Church was the last Idaho Democrat to win a U.S. Senate race in 1974. No Democrat has won a U.S. House race in Idaho since Larry LaRocco in 1992.

In modern times Idaho has been a reliably Republican state in presidential politics as well. It has not supported a Democrat for president since 1964. Even in that election, Lyndon Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater by less than two percentage points. In 2004, George W. Bush carried Idaho by a margin of 38 percentage points and 68.4% of the vote, winning in 43 of 44 counties. Only Blaine County, which contains the Sun Valley ski resort, supported John Kerry.

Important cities and towns

Education

Colleges and universities

Professional sports teams

Idaho's Minor League baseball teams are:

• Boise Hawks
• Idaho Falls Chukars

Other minor league sports teams:

• Idaho Stampede
• Idaho Steelheads

Official State Emblems

Origin of name

Idaho is perhaps the only state that was likely named as the result of a hoax. In early 1860s, when the United States Congress was considering organizing a new territory in the Rocky Mountains, eccentric lobbyist George M. Willing suggested the name "Idaho," which he claimed was derived from a Shoshone language term meaning "the sun comes from the mountains" or "gem of the mountains." Willing later claimed that he had made up the name himself[3][4]. Congress ultimately decided to name the area Colorado Territory when it was created in February 1861.

However, the name "Idaho" didn't go away. The same year Congress created Colorado Territory, a county called Idaho County was created in eastern Washington Territory. The county was named after a steamship named Idaho, which was launched on the Columbia River in 1860. It is unclear whether the steamship was named before or after Willing's claim was revealed. Regardless, a portion of Washington Territory, including Idaho County, was used to create Idaho Territory in 1863.

Despite this lack of evidence for the origin of the name, many textbooks well into the 20th Century repeated as fact^{[citation needed]} Willing's account that the name "Idaho" derived from the Shoshone term "ee-da-how".

Notable Idahoans

See List of people from Idaho

See also

• Red Rock Pass - The pass where the ancient Lake Bonneville was emptied.
• Scouting in Idaho